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Granulometry of Nanopowders – a Challenge Especially for the Dispersion Process
The use of increasingly finer starting powders down to the nanoscale can also be observed in the field of ceramics. Their advantages are, for example, lower activation energy, an increase in strength of the sintered products or unique optical properties. However, handling and characterisation of ultrafine polydisperse powders is much more difficult than coarser powders. The main reason for this is the very high adhesive forces both between the nanoparticles themselves and when in contact with other surfaces. Therefore, submicron and particularly nanoparticles tend to agglomerate, hence, their separation into
primary particles during sample preparation prior to particle sizing is a major challenge. A representative measurement sample is obtained only when it no longer contains agglomerates. Thus, the evaluation of the dispersion process and a decision on its success gains importance for the reliability of the measurement
results of particle sizing. The paper deals with possible procedures by means of examples and gives hints on possible sources of error in the dispersion of ceramic nanopowders. It is shown that successful granulometric characterisation of nanopowders requires both an improved dispersion technique and very often an effective combination of two or more measurement methods.